The overall effect of DEP is neurogenic inflammation through release of substance P and neurokinin A (mediated by TRPA1 and TRPV1) and through production of cytokines and chemokines (mediated by TRPV1 and TRPM8), and variations in TRPA1 activation promote differences in lung inflammation and injury [33,95,98]. Here, TRPV1 is linked to inflammation.