On day four post-infection, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ were decreased to 6.6 and 2.5 times that observed in controls respectively while the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and IL-4 were increased (by 2.1 and 5.7 times) upon quercetin treatment (Figure 4). Here, IL4 is linked to infection.