Upon differentiation in vitro, GSCs downregulate expression of CXCR4 and stem-cell markers and increase expression of ACKR3 and differentiated astroglial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) [115], further supporting the influence of tumour cell differentiation on the expression of CXCL12 receptors. Here, ACKR3 is linked to neoplasm.