The CCL5/CCR5 pathway also supports tumour cell invasion by activating downstream pathways such as PI3K/AKT and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) that ultimately result in the production of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -9 (MMP-9) [86,90,91]. Here, MMP9 is linked to neoplasm.