In a microarray analysis of miRNAs in VSD and normal tissue samples, increased levels of GJA1 and SOX9 were associated with the decreased expression of miR-1-1 in VSD patients, and increased miR-181c expression was correlated with downregulated BMPR2 levels, suggesting that both miRNAs are associated with the pathogenesis of VSD [105]. This evidence concerns the gene SOX9 and ventricular septal defect.