TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Recent pharmaceutical trials to overcome IBD have included (1) four proprietary antibody therapies against tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (adalimumab, golimumab, infliximab, certolizumab), (2) inhibitor for Janus kinase (tofacitinib), (3) inhibitor for α4β7 integrin (vedolizumab) and (4) inhibitor for interleukin-12/23 (IL-12/IL-23) cytokine (ustekinumab) [6].