Since oncogenic KRASG12V and BRAFV600E [34] have been reported to stimulate aTGFβ1 production and both the mitogenic function and the auto-induction of TGFβ1 converged on ERK signaling in a prostate carcinoma cell line [35], we considered the possibility that aTGFβ1 itself is involved in sustaining constitutive ERK activation. Here, MAPK1 is linked to prostate carcinoma.