Interestingly, EGF has been shown to abrogate the antiproliferative effects of rhTGFβ in primary human ovarian cancer cells, representing a potential non-mutational mechanism in cells lacking mutations in SMAD4, or the receptors, to inhibit exogenous TGFβ signaling and contributing to uncontrolled proliferation [48]. Here, EGF is linked to ovarian carcinoma.