MTOR and glioma: These approaches have been used to demonstrate that NF1 loss increases penetrance of high-grade gliomas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in zebrafish with downregulation in telomerase and hyperactivation of ERK and mTOR pathways [133], as has also been observed in mice and human NF1-derived malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) and gliomas [132].