TNF and paracoccidioidomycosis: The acute form of PCM, in turn, shows a mixed Th2/Th9 response associated with susceptibility: increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, and TGF-β; low production of IFN-γ and TNF-α; and high levels of specific IgG4 and IgE antibodies [9,10].