TNF and neoplasm: In cancer cachexia, both tumor cells and tumor-activating immune cells express proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, and interferon (IFN)γ, all of which systemically affect various organs such as the brain, liver, muscle, and fat [1,2,6].