In 2020, Shukuya et al. [96] investigated the potential use of free circulating miRNAs and miRNAs within EVs in the plasma of patients prior to treatment as biomarkers for the anti–programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death protein 1 ligand (PD-1/PD-L1) antibody therapy response in advanced NSCLC. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.