For instance, innovative medication was developed to address the chronic hyperglycemia caused by the so-called “Ominous Octet” of physiological and pathological abnormalities: insulin resistance in the muscles, liver and adipose tissue, progressive β-cell failure and apoptosis, increased α-cell secretion of glucagon concurrent with heightened hepatic sensitivity to it, β-cell resistance to glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptides, elevated renal tubular glucose reabsorption, and altered neurotransmitter dysfunction. This evidence concerns the gene GCG and Hyperglycemia.