VWF and infective endocarditis: SpA is able to bind to immunoglobulins (nonspecific reaction), vWF, and complement proteins, and through binding to cellular receptors such as FcγR, TNFR1, and GPIbα, as well as the activation of MAPK signaling, SpA induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and participates in the development of pathological changes, e.g., during infective endocarditis, chronic wound infections, or osteomyelitis [29,55,56,57].