Individuals with an HIV-1 variant containing arginine at position 8 (8R) in Nef progressed after AIDS (log rank, p = 0.017; relative hazard (RH), 1.66; 95% CI, 1.09–2.55; p = 0.018), asparagine at position 157 (157N) in Nef died earlier from AIDS-related disease (log rank, p = 0.041; RH, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.00–6.31; p = 0.048) and the R178G Nef mutation showed faster progression to AIDS (log rank, p = 0.026; RH, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.06–2.97; p = 0.037) and AIDS-related death (log rank, p = 0.040; RH, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.00–3.37; p = 0.048) (Figure 6 and Supplementary Table S3). Here, S100B is linked to AIDS.