VEGFA and neoplasm: In solid tumours, TME exhibits strong immunosuppressive effects due to the recruitment of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Treg), and the production of immunosuppressive cytokines and soluble factors (e.g., IL-10, VEGF, TGFβ, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and adenosine) [74].