As previously discussed, C-peptide has been shown to decrease generation of excess ROS, inhibit NF-κB activation, lower CAM and proinflammatory cytokine production, increase levels of NO, and activate sodium potassium ATPase, all of which result in decreased vascular dysfunction and improvements in the pathologies associated with T1DM. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.