CTLA4 and cancer: Using RNA-seq data from 18 TCGA cancer cohorts, Rooney et al. devised a simple and quantitative measure of immune cytolytic activity based on transcript levels of granzyme A (GZMA) and perforin (PRF1), which are upregulated upon cytotoxic T cell activation and during clinical responses to either anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-L1 immunotherapies [83].