BRCA1 and breast carcinoma: Despite efforts to control for confounding, residual confounding may still be present as some key variables that could influence choice of surgery and/or mortality were not controlled for due to lack of data availability, e.g., antigen Ki-67 [34], body mass index (BMI), alcohol intake [35], co-morbidities and presence of Breast Cancer Gene 1 (BRCA1) and Breast Cancer Gene 2 (BRCA2) gene mutations.