Whereas several studies demonstrated substantial evidence for PAI-1 as an independent risk factor for CVD including myocardial infarction and stroke [50,51,52], coronary heart disease [53], venous thrombosis [54], and atherosclerosis [45,55], other studies could not confirm these associations or the significance for the link was lost after adjusting for other risk factors, such as age, sex, and metabolic abnormities [52,56,57,58]. Here, SERPINE1 is linked to atherosclerosis.