As Nrf2, Ref-1 results to be overexpressed in various types of tumors, with increased resistance to antineoplastic therapies [23]: some studies showed an increased expression of Ref-1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with consequent resistance to cisplatin treatment [23], and in knock-down mice there is a significant improvement against the cytotoxic response to drugs [24]. The gene discussed is APEX1; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.