STAT3 and cancer: We, and others, have previously shown the mechanism of IB in inhibiting NOX enzymes, resulting in impaired downstream signaling through Stat3, MAPK, HIF1, and TGF, as well as its efficacy against various cancers, and its ability when packaged with liposomes (Lipo-IB) to target tumor cells within the brain to prevent invasion and enhance chemosensitivity of glioma [12].