APOA1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Mustafa et al. (2013) used aptamer-based fractionation technology (ProteoMiner) to reduce the complexity of serum. They found that compared with HCV patients, the level of ApoA1 in HCC patient was reduced. They totally found 24 proteins are differentially expressed between HCC and HCV patients, and ApoA1 could be a candidate serum biomarker for early HCC detection. It is meaningful for the early diagnosis of HCC developed from HCV virus infection (Mustafa et al., 2013).