PAK1 and cancer: PAK1, PAK2, and PAK4 are the major pathogenic-related kinases among all PAKs, whose abnormal activation is involved in inflammation (asthma and arthritis), malaria, and infection, including bacteria, virus [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)], and protists, tuberous sclerosis, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and autism beyond cancer (Chan and Manser, 2012; Maruta, 2014; Berretta et al., 2020).