We first performed a computerized bibliographic search of the PubMed database, using the following keywords variably combined: “antiestrogen”, “bladder”, “bladder cancer”, “bladder tumor”, “bladder tumour”, “estrogen”, “estrogen receptor”, “urothelial”, “urothelial cancer”, “urothelial tumor”, “urothelial tumour”, and “urothelium”. This evidence concerns the gene ESR1 and urinary bladder carcinoma.