Astroglial activation in glaucoma has been shown to increase the expression of many factors, including endothelin-1 (ET-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), oxidative stress molecules, and trophic factors, e.g., CNTF, with varied neuroprotective and harmful properties (17, 25, 32, 95, 96). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is glaucoma.