PDK1 and Insulin resistance: Given that hyperinsulinaemia contributes to insulin resistance, and that insulin resistance decreases Drosophila body size (Musselman et al. 2011; 2017; Pasco and Léopold 2012), more studies will be needed to determine whether the smaller body size of chico1/+ male and female pupae, and possibly Pdk1 mutant flies, can be attributed to insulin resistance.