TNF and cancer: reported that cancer cells cocultured with DEVs could more efficiently reactivate previously primed T cells, showing the higher expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (243) Besides, DEVs possess Natural Killer Group 2D receptor ligands (NKG2D-L), which bind to NKG2D on NK cell surface and activate NK cells; the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in these sEVs could enhance the INF-γ release from NK cells (244).