TNF and Stroke: M1 is activated through the classical pathway, expressing CD16 and iNOS on cell membranes, and secretes inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which exacerbate post-stroke brain injury (Iadecola and Anrather, 2012; Xiong et al., 2016; Kim and Bae, 2017).