CXCL12 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Moreover, the expression level of CCL15 is upregulated in tumor tissues of HCC, and the expression level of CXCL12 is deregulated in HCC (R = 0.269, p = 1.45e-07; R = −0.23, p = 7.45e-06, respectively; Figure 7E), which are consistent with PPIA expression changes.