A rich immune infiltrate is observed in the tumor microenvironment (TME) but this infiltrate comprises of predominantly “exhausted” pro-inflammatory T-cell (regulatory T-cells, T-regs) populations that express co-inhibitory receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 and its ligand (PD-1/PDL-1), T-cell immunoglobulin, mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (14, 15). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.