ELANE and pulmonary emphysema: The cyclic depsipeptide YM-47142 was isolated from the fermented broth of a Flexibacter bacterium as a potential inhibitor of human leucocyte elastase (HLE) enzyme, which involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory diseases, such as emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis (Orita et al., 1995).