Interestingly, PD-L1 involved in regulating autophagy in multiple cancers [29, 30], and Xue et al. noticed that PD-L1 potentially regulated AMPK activation in endometrial carcinoma [31], which rendered the possibility that GSCs-derived PD-L1-ex regulated autophagy in GBM cells stimulated with TMZ. Here, PRKAA1 is linked to glioblastoma.