Moreover, our functional experiments demonstrate that while some findings, such as the requirement for CXCL2 observed in TC-83 infection, are not relevant to virulent VEEV-TrD infection, the requirement for CXCL3, EIF4A3, ATF3 and TAF7, and the potential antiviral effect of ARRDC3 may be functionally relevant to infection with both viral strains. Here, ATF3 is linked to infection.