CTLA4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: As noted earlier, ICIs such as monoclonal antibodies against PD‐1, PD‐L1, and CTLA‐4 have proven useful in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC, and clinical trials of adjuvant/neoadjuvant immunotherapy for operable NSCLC are underway (Tables 1 and 2).