In contrast, no significant differences were found between haplotypes in terms of mean age, height, weight, number of years since menopause, and bone formation and resorption markers, suggesting that ERα gene polymorphisms may be a factor in post-menopause osteoporosis in Japanese women.24 Some studies have reported significant associations between ERα gene polymorphisms and BMD,25–28 whereas other studies reported no associations,29–32 indicating inconsistent results. This evidence concerns the gene ESR1 and osteoporosis.