In line with the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of schizophrenia, observation of inflammation-mediated increases in the expression of IL-1β, an inflammatory cytokine effector released by microglia, the brain’s immune surveyor and defender86, have been demonstrated to decrease the levels of neural lineage differentiation markers DCX and MAP1 in human cortical and hippocampal cultures while promoting the proliferation of astroglial cell types87,88. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and schizophrenia.