But regarding the high structural similarity of ERp57 with its close homologue PDI and several reports of well tolerated PDI inhibitors in preclinical studies39–43, there is reasonable hope that a chemical (or genetic) inhibition of ERp57 could turn out to be more effective in mono- and combination therapy than single targeting inhibitors and could minimize toxicity in non-cancer tissue of patients during treatment. Here, PDIA3 is linked to cancer.