Although little is known about fungus-dominated chronic lung infections in CF, such as the infection from which these isolates were obtained, an analysis of cytokines within the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from the patient these isolates originated from showed proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 8 [IL-8] and IL-1β) present were consistent with the neutrophilic environment seen in other patients with CF (Fig. 4B) (44). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and infection.