CCL2 and cancer: Third, in the case of apoptotic cancer cells, they secrete cytokines/chemokines (such as IL-8, CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5) that act as ‘immunomodulatory’ signals, promoting for example the polarization of monocytes to M2-like cells with consequent establishment of a tumor-supportive immune microenvironment [31].