These genes were preferentially targeted by HIV-1 at all stages of HIV-1 infection in resting CD4+ T cells: 11/59 (18.6%, P = 0.054), 24/144 (16.7%, P < 0.05), and 19/91 (20.9%, P < 0.01) HIV-1 integration sites were observed in cancer-related genes during primary HIV-1 infection, chronic HIV-1 infection off ART, and chronic HIV-1 infection on ART, respectively (Figure 3). Here, CD4 is linked to cancer.