Consequently, in the past 30 years, the treatment of diabetes progressed from occasional clinical encounters and review of hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) once in several months, through daily insulin adjustments using episodic self-monitoring, to fine-tuning of treatment decisions driven by CGM and automated closed-loop control (CLC), a.k.a. the AP.1 The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetes mellitus.