NFKB1 and neoplasm: While these results contradict what has been observed in the tumor environment, both NF‐κB 26, 39, 44 and GDF‐15 26, 34 expression levels are known to change as a result of malignant transformation in prostate and as we and others have previously shown, inflammation in benign prostate reduces the risk of subsequent cancer.6, 7, 9