While these results contradict what has been observed in the tumor environment, both NF‐κB 26, 39, 44 and GDF‐15 26, 34 expression levels are known to change as a result of malignant transformation in prostate and as we and others have previously shown, inflammation in benign prostate reduces the risk of subsequent cancer.6, 7, 9. This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and neoplasm.