Infection or hypoxia activates NF‐κB, which is inactive in cells, and activates inflammatory genes, induces the upregulation of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and vasoactive regulators and increases the concentration of further downstream cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), and others.38 Here, TNF is linked to infection.