A rapid anamnestic response specific to the initial infecting genotype has been recorded in children and adults.42,51 Moreover, serum IgG and IgA collected from adults infected with norovirus were able to block the binding of VLPs from multiple genotypes to carbohydrates59,60 and immunization with norovirus VLP-based vaccine candidates induces antibodies against heterologous strains,61,62 probably by recalling antibodies specific to prior infections.61 Whether cross-protective antibodies would develop in naïve individuals upon vaccination remains to be determined. The gene discussed is CD79A; the disease is infection.