This might be explained by secretion of angiogenic growth factors from clonal MDS cells, with higher serum concentrations of VEGF, Ang-1, angiogenin, β-FGF, HGF, TNF-α, EGF, and IL-6, amongst others, reported in MDS patients (Brunner et al., 2002; Alexandrakis et al., 2004, 2005; Feng et al., 2011; Pardanani et al., 2012). Here, TNF is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.