PTPN11 and neoplasm: Stimulated by the colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), SHP2 binds to the CSF receptor (CSF-1R) complex on the inner membrane of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM), leading to the activation of the Ras/Erk signaling pathway in TAM and supporting the survival, proliferation, and migration of tumor cells (Achkova and Maher, 2016).