In addition to its associations with non-cancerous diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetic nephropathy (DN) and Parkinson's disease (PD) (18–20), UCA1 is also involved in the progression of different types of cancer, including bladder cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (21–23). This evidence concerns the gene UCA1 and urinary bladder cancer.