TNF and mumps infectious disease: Inflammation is a defensive response to foreign harmful stimuli, which is initiated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of microbial pathogens (such as LPS) in the process of cold, fever, sore throat, and mumps [29] and led to overproduction of cytokines such as NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.