TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The results showed that danshensu could partially block the expression of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protease (p-p38), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), NF-κB, and RAGE and inhibit the increase of TNF-ɑ, IL-6, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which indicated that AGEs could mediate the cognitive dysfunction of T2DM mice caused by neuroinflammation.