While the studies in hAR overexpressing mice revealed that AR promotes atherosclerosis progression in diabetes, an unexpected finding of increased early lesion size was observed in diabetic Apoe−/−mice devoid of AR (179). In this study lesion size positively correlated with 4-HNE in mice devoid of AR, which the authors postulated was likely to reduced metabolism of toxic aldehydes. Here, AR is linked to atherosclerosis.