AR expression was attenuated in pacing induced canine model of heart failure (167). Hearts tissue samples from patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and diabetic cardiomyopathy exhibited elevated AR expression (168). These observations provide rationale for addressing the role of AR in mediating cardiac dysfunction and heart failure, both in diabetic and non-diabetic models. The gene discussed is AR; the disease is diabetic cardiomyopathy.