INS and Insulin resistance: We did not find such a difference probably because of the similar pre-pregnancy BMI in the two groups (23.8 ± 2.7 kg/m2 in diet alone group vs. 24.3 ± 3.6 kg/m2 in insulin group, p=0.75) as well as the similar insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (1.70 ± 0.81 in diet alone group vs. 1.96 ± 1.49 in insulin group, p=0.67).