Adults• Simplified basal bolus regimen• lesser nocturnal hypoglycemia, fewer injections and better FPG controlChildren• > 2-years of age with o insufficiency of long-acting insulin o skipping injections o diabetic ketoacidosis risk due to missed injections o fear of injection• two basal dose formulation: calculated based on bolus dose (not exceed the total basal dose)• one basal dose formulation: calculated based on bolus dose if basal ratio >40–45%, if basal ratio <30%.comprising 50–55% of the dose after 10–20% dose reduction. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetic ketoacidosis.